What are Ovarian Cysts?
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled cavities that form in women's ovaries. These structures are extremely common and in most cases are benign. The ovaries are two small organs located on either side of the uterus. They contain and release eggs during the reproductive age and are responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cysts can appear at any age but are more common in women of reproductive age.
Types of Ovarian Cysts
Functional Cysts
Functional cysts are the most common types of ovarian cysts and are related to the normal menstrual cycle. They are distinguished into two categories:
- Follicular Cysts: Form when a follicle does not open to release the egg. They usually disappear on their own within 1-3 months.
- Corpus Luteum Cysts: Develop when the corpus luteum does not dissolve normally after ovulation and accumulates fluid or blood.
Non-functional Cysts
- Dermoid Cysts: Contain various tissues such as hair, teeth, or skin. Although they sound frightening, they are rarely malignant.
- Cystadenomas: Develop from the outer surface of the ovary and may contain watery or mucous material.
- Endometriomas: Form when endometrial tissue develops in the ovaries, often in women with endometriosis.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts
- Asymptomatic Cysts
Many ovarian cysts do not cause symptoms and are discovered incidentally during a routine examination or on ultrasound performed for other reasons.
- Common Symptoms
When symptoms appear, the most common include:
- Pelvic Pain: Can be dull and chronic or sudden and acute. Pain can be unilateral, depending on which side the cyst is located.
- Pain During Intercourse: Especially if the cyst is large
- Abdominal Bloating: Especially with large cysts that apply pressure on the adjacent organs.
- Serious Symptoms Requiring Immediate Medical Care
- Intense Acute Pain: May indicate cyst rupture or ovarian torsion.
- Fever and Nausea: Combined with intense pain may indicate pelvic inflammation or abscess.
Causes and Risk Factors of Ovarian Cysts
- Hormonal Fluctuations
Most functional cysts are related to natural hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle. When hormone levels are disrupted, the likelihood of cyst formation increases.
- Age
Although cysts can appear at any age, they are more common in women of reproductive age, especially between 20-40 years.
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
PCOS is a hormonal disorder characterized by the presence of multiple small cysts in the ovaries.
Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts
- Abdominal Ultrasound
Ultrasound is the first choice for diagnosing ovarian cysts. It can be done through the abdomen or transvaginally for better imaging.
- Laboratory Tests
- CA-125: This marker may be elevated in cases of malignant cysts, but also in benign conditions.
- Hormonal Tests: May include FSH, LH, estradiol, and other hormones.
- Advanced Imaging Methods
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Used when the ultrasound is not sufficient for the assessment of the cyst.
Treatment of the Ovarian Cysts
- Conservative Monitoring
Many small, functional cysts do not require treatment and are monitored with periodic ultrasounds.
- Pharmaceutical Treatment
- Contraceptive Pills: Can help regulate hormones and prevent new cysts.
- Painkillers: For pain management from cysts.
- Surgical Intervention
- Cystectomy: Cyst removal while preserving healthy ovary.
- Oophorectomy: Removal of entire ovary in severe cases.
Complications of Ovarian Cysts
- Cyst Rupture
Cyst rupture can cause intense pain and internal bleeding, requiring immediate medical intervention.
- Ovarian Torsion
Large cysts may cause ovarian torsion, interrupting its blood supply.
- Malignant Transformation
Although rare, some cysts may progress to malignant neoplasms.
Ovarian Cysts and Fertility
Most cysts do not affect fertility. However, certain types such as endometriomas may affect conception ability. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are critical for maintaining reproductive health.
When to Visit the Doctor
You should visit the doctor immediately if you experience:
- Intense pelvic pain
- Fever accompanied by pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Dizziness or fainting episodes
- Abnormalities in menstrual cycle
Conclusion
Ovarian cysts is a very common condition. The majority are benign and can be successfully treated with appropriate medical management. A timely diagnosis and proper treatment is crucial for the successful management. It is important for the women to be well informed about the symptoms and not to hesitate to seek medical help when necessary.
Kostis Nikolopoulos, will offer a clear diagnosis and a safe management.
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